Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Essay Malthuss Theory - 951 Words

How can we ever determine or analyze the amount of data we receive, when the only perception we have is from the way things have been up until that time, rather than the future? In 1798, what seemed like a monumental amount of people is now nothing compared to the population of the world today; a trend which will continue just like the growth of Earth’s population. However, with all things, it seems, there is a breaking point. Malthus was quite certain that this breaking point would be felt in our world’s food supply by now, but he was wrong. Although Malthus’s theory may not have been entirely correct, there may be more truth then we realize or would wish to see based on the sheer number of people and the way our resources are being used†¦show more content†¦He did not expect stages 3 and 4, and thus, his theory is for a continuously, rapid growing stage 2 world. This caused his predictions to be greatly inaccurate, and more extreme, which causes many t o see his theory as faulty. However, some stage 2 countries today would definitely follow Malthus’s theory. The population of the world increased by 200,000 people in one day; making a current total of 6.9 billion humans on the planet (GeoHive-Population Statistics). In Mathus’s time, there were merely 1 billion people, which means in about 200 years, almost 6 billion people have been added to the planet. Malthus may have made incorrect predictions on the state of food production today, but this does not make his actual theory false. Almost 7 billion people inhabit this planet. Simply compare our population to any other life form on Earth that is close to our size, and it will be clear how much more we’ve expanded even when compared to animals that have been here much longer than us. Siberian tigers are the largest wild cat in the world, yet there are less than 400 of them left in the wild. We consume more resources than any other living being on this planet due to our numbers, and eventually we will reach carrying capacity. Even those who make arguments about our ability t o keep advancing (and keeping up the food supply) can’t argue that with a continuously increasing population, eventually there literallyShow MoreRelatedOutline Malthus’s Theory of Population and Access His Contribution to the Reform of the Poor Laws in 1834.1580 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the landlords and capitalists. This essay will explain why his first essay on the theory of population in 1798 and his second essay in 1803 were written, what they entailed and why they were instrumental to the reform of the Poor Laws in 1834. Landreth Colander (1994) proposed three factors which appeared to account for the formation of Malthus’s theory. 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When a population stabilizes the food production also stabilizes until there is an upsurge in the population again. What contributions did Ester Boserup make to Malthusian Theory? Thomas Robert Malthus wrote ‘An Essay on the Principle of Population’ to outline his theory of population growth. Malthus believed if the population continued to expand, the production of food would not be capable of sustaining the human population and would cause considerable famine that wouldRead MoreThe Neo-Malthusian Population theory assumes that poor nations will never be able to rise much above subsistence levels unless they engage in preventive population checks, if not positive checks.1445 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As stated the Neo-Malthusian population theory claims that poor nations are stuck in a cycle of poverty which they cant get out of unless some sort of preventative measures of population checks are engaged. The Malthusian model was developed two centuries ago by a man named Thomas Malthus. Malthuss model is based upon a relationship between both population growth as well as economic development. Empirical studies now-a-days show that the population theory model is quite flawed because of many factorsRead MoreContradiction Between the Theory of Evolution and the Bible947 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Darwin was a British scientist who founded the theory of evolution and changed the way we think about the natural world. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 and lived during the Industrial Revolution. As a child, Darwin initially planned to become a doctor, but his plan terminated when he joined the five year expedition on the survey ship, the HMS Beagle, in 1831. In the expedition, Darwin developed a theory and published a book call The Origin of Species. This book was the beginning of

Monday, December 9, 2019

Design Of Programming Language In Retail Space

Question: Discuss about theDesign Of Programming Language In Retail Space. Answer: Naming the Program Our task is to come up with a robust and effective programming language that is suitable for usage in the retail industry which has been named RAP (Retail Analytics Programming). Introduction and Purpose The purpose at hand here is to develop and design a programming language that is dovetailed to the needs of the modern retail industry which is increasingly tilting towards e-commerce and personalized product offerings. Retail giants of the world today including players like Walmart have to track, handle and efficiently use terabytes of data to engage their vast ocean of registered customer base and use them for personalized marketing purposes. Few examples of these might include customer loyalty programs, personalized offering through electronic channels and targeted promotions of specific product to improve potential of selling. From the front end and moving in the back end, e commerce and brick and mortar stores today have to handle millions of SKUs and ensure efficient inventory management so that the correct product is always available at the correct place. Doing so without hugely increasing inventory handling cost involves extremely efficient inventory management techniques cou pled with continuous analysis and change in terms of shelf availability of the SKUs. The goal, therefore is to arrive at the optimal amount and quantities of SKUs so as to draw that balance between increasing holding cost and loss of sales opportunity due to unavailability of the product.This is the problem of ordering and positioning retailer inventory at warehouses and stores in order to meet customer demands while simultaneously minimizing storage and transportation costsThis problem can also be viewed as a simple example from the broad class of multi echelon inventory control problems that has received significant attention in the field of supply chain management. (Roy, Bertsekas, Lee, Tsitsiklis, 2003) Retail data analytics therefore deals with Big Data and efficient mining techniques to ensure personalized service to the individual customer while keeping the cost to an optimal level and such should be the capabilities of the program we develop. For obvious reasons of speed and volume of data to be handled, the choice for the programming language should be that of a mixture of compiled and interpreted type rather than an interpreted type. Compilation Method Used Compilers consider programs written by using a source language, such as C, C++, Java, and so on, to generate their semantically equivalent representations by targeting a destination language, such as the machine code of a target platform. (Campanoni, 2011) We propose a method of compilation into bytecode, followed by execution by a software interpreter. Also known as the p-code, it will act as a JIT or a Just-In-Time compiler, translating the bytecode into machine language immediately at runtime. As compared to a method of direct execution of the source code, such a method gives advantage in terms of execution speed with the drawback of introduction of a slight delay before the program is run, during compilation from bytecode to the native machine code. However, such an approach keeps portability of the bytecode intact, whilst keeping the virtual machine to be hardware specific. We can further consider a two phase execution, wherein the source code is initially converted into a bytecode which is further passed on to the virtual machine for storage. Memory Management and Scoping Features By default, the volume handled by the retail giants worldwide makes it a mandate to opt for smooth memory management features so as to be comfortable with the voluminous data to be handled and the speed at which it has to be processed and executed in real time to achieve the requisite levels of service delivery. While choosing between a manual and automatic memory management feature, the nature and type of data to be handled in the particular industry comes in useful. Considering the volume and complexity, an automated memory management is desirable and is the one we are opting for. A scope based memory management or SBMM system can make a program more deterministic but is not widely used in todays world leaving C or C++ for the reason of speed of execution and the volume of memory to be handled. Therefore we go for a Java-like Garbage Collection (GC) model of memory allocation to go with RAP. Implementation and an optimal environment are therefore crucial to the efficient performance of a GC model. Our proposition is to go for a STACK BASED MEMORY ALLOCATION model in which addition or removal of data is carried out typically in a LIFO (Last In First Out) manner. Simple and typically faster than the traditional heaping technique, it provides the added advantage that memory reclamation is much simpler when function exit is done, which is extremely convenient to the programmer if the data is no longer needed. Language Features In this section, we will discuss the features that have been selected for the design and development of the proposed programming language with respect to the Simplicity, Orthogonality, Data types, Syntax design, Support for abstraction, Expressivity, Type checking, Exception handling, and Restricted aliasing. Simplicity: In the world of information technology, simplicity is a feature that is often required by both operators and engineers, however, as users regularly attest, it is not always found. In software design, a graceful solution is sometimes one that reports a need with surprising simplicity and efficiency. Thus for the creation of an efficient interface, simplicity is of the primary importance.The most popular metrics for gauging the complexity (or simplicity, if simplicity is taken to be the opposite of complexity) are McCabe's Cyclomatic Complexity and the Halstead Complexity Metrics. We target a low cyclomatic complexity so as to limit the number of paths through the module, This would come in handy while testing the program which would require lesser number of runs so as to check the various paths through the system Orthogonality: Related somewhat to simplicity, orthogonality in a language is a measure of the number of components which can further be combined to get the requisite results. More thorthogonality of the language, the lesser are the number of exceptions. For the language RAP as described for the retail industry, we will go with a relatively high orthogonality so as to limit the number of exceptions arising in the system. Symmetry and consistency should be the parameters to keep in mind while designing the language to be executed in a complex system with voluminous transactions to endow the necessary stability and ease of usage Data types: It refers to a collection of data which contains values whose characteristics are in-built into the system. For the retail industry which is largely transactional and number oriented, integers, characters and real numbers play the most important role and should be well defined within the scope. Integers, Booleans, characters, floating point decimals and alphanumeric strings would compose the data type for RAP Syntax Design: Syntax in any language is the predefined set of symbol combinations that are considered to be valid and applicable in a correctly structured program fragment. We will opt for a Java type syntax for RAP where all codes would belong to classes and all values are necessarily objects Support for abstraction: Abstraction would be achieved by using abstract classes in addition to interfaces. Instantiation of the abstract class is not permitted and an abstract class must be inherited from another. For abstraction of methods, the method must be declared as abstract even if the class within which it is determined is normal. However, the class containing the method will have to be defined as an abstract class. By using abstraction, we can separate the things that can be grouped to another type. Frequently changing properties and methods can be grouped to a separate type so that the main type need not undergo changes. This adds strength to the OOAD principle -"Code should be open for Extension but closed for Modification". It further simplifies the representation of the domain models. Expressivity: In the world of coding, expressivity may be defined as the width of ideas that are ideally representable and communicable within the scope of the particular language. A useful metric for determining the expressive power of a programming language is the Chromsky Hierarchy. Expressive power should be decided on while keeping in mind its effect on query evaluation with suitable efficiency within the database. Given the volume of operation of the retail industry, very high expressivity would not be permissible for efficient functioning. Type Checking: A very sophisticated type checking mechanism operates at very high efficiency but is taxing in part of the programmer to cause the program to compile and execute. In a high volume fast paced industry like retail, we wont opt for a very high degree of type checking, limiting it optimally between high sophistication and dependently typed languages. However, errors shouldnt be neglected while compiling as it would lead to bugs only at runtime which is not acceptable for any service industry dealing with end consumers. Exception Handling: Anomalous or exceptional conditions that potentially alter the normal flow of program execution are normally monitored and controlled by exception handling feature of a program. In our concerned industry which is retail, sheer numbers and types of SKUs mandate the presence of a proper and efficient exception handling feature so as to minimize compiling or run-time errors. Exception handling features in RAP would be very well defined so as to minimize the number and type of both checked and unchecked exceptions that may arise during execution or compilation. Restricted Aliasing: Aliasing refers to the method of referring to the same memory location by using several different alias names. It also adds constraint on the programming execution order. From the purview of the industry of operation, aliasing should be restricted as complex programs will be run from different locations hitting the same central database. Improper restriction of aliasing would cause a severe impact on the performance and efficiency of execution. Readability, Writability and Reliability: We define readability as a human judgment of how easy a text is to understand. The readability of a program is related to its maintainability, and is thus a key factor in overall software quality. (Buse Weimer, 2008) Overall, depending on the complexity of the industry and the expected volume of operations, RAP would have to be a highly reliable programming language with fairly acceptable readability and writability to be usable by a wide range of programmers and across various interfaces. If reliability is compromised, the system will not only perform below expectations, but it will also become much more costly across its lifetime. (Kulkarni, D, Nagarajan, L, 2006) Given the chosen features as applied in our programming language RAP, we have opted for low complexity and high orthogonality which makes our program moderately simple. Further, data types have been restricted mostly to real numbers, integers, Booleans, characters and strings so as to minimize complexity in that regard and improve the readability. Basically all our design features are recommended keeping in mind the nature of the industry and the type of data to be handled. Reduction in number of exceptions as well as a reliable and smooth operation is the need of the hour in the growing retail space. This is coupled with increased size of data banks of major corporations and more efficient mining techniques. Runtime errors would be very difficult to accommodate within such volumes and would cause serious hassle with very less time to recuperate between transactions. Our aim is for RAP to become a fairly adaptable and simplistic language with additional features of exception handling and reliability. Type of operations and data handled would be limited, but it should be able to cope up with the huge volumes requisite for the industry demand. Bibliography Buse, R. P., Weimer, W. (2008). Learning a Metric for Code Readability. ISSTA. Campanoni, S. (2011). Guide to ILDJIT. SpringerBriefs in Computer Science. Kroese, F. M., Evers, C., Adriaanse, M. A., Ridder, D. T. (2016). Bedtime procrastination:A self-regulation perspectiveon on sleep insufficiency in the General Population. Journal of Health Psychology. Kulkarni, P., D, K. H., Nagarajan, S., L, G. D. (2006). Programming Languages: A Comparative Study . Mateo, J. C., Diaz-Morales, J. F., Barreno, C. E., Prieto, P. D., Randler, C. (2012). Morningness-eveningness and sleep habits among adolescents:Age and gender differences. Psicothema. Milfont, T. L., Schwarzenthal, M. (2014). Explaining why larks are future-oriented and owls are present-oriented: Self-control mediates the chronotypetime perspective relationships. Chronobiology International. Randler, C. (2008). Morningness-Eveningness, sleep-wake variables and big five personality factors. Elsevier. Roy, B. V., Bertsekas, D. P., Lee, Y., Tsitsiklis, J. N. (2003). Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, MIT.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

What do you find interesting about the ways in which love and desire are explored in these three poems Essay Example

What do you find interesting about the ways in which love and desire are explored in these three poems? Essay In The Fair Singer Andrew Marvell describes a girl he has seen but has not necessarily met unlike in his other poem To His Coy Mistress in which he writes to his lover. Throughout the poem Marvell uses surprising imagery as he portrays his love with military metaphors, for example in the first line, To make a final conquest of all me, the word conquest is usually used to describe a battle or an attack. There is an example of military connection in each line of the first stanza. He is trying to show how beauty can be dangerous. The poet then uses personification, Love did compose so sweet an enemy this shows love as his foe and that he does not necessarily want to fall in love, this is also another example of military imagery. Joining themselves in fatal harmony: this is an example of oxymoron, fatal meaning deadly and harmony being peaceful. We will write a custom essay sample on What do you find interesting about the ways in which love and desire are explored in these three poems? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What do you find interesting about the ways in which love and desire are explored in these three poems? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What do you find interesting about the ways in which love and desire are explored in these three poems? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the second stanza Marvell states that he could resist one good quality, I could have fled from one but singly fair: for instance if the woman was only pretty or if she only had a good voice but the combination is deadly for him. Breaking the curled trammels of her hair, Here, Marvell has used the word trammels to describe the womans hair; this is an odd choice of words but it adds to the effect and carries on the trend using military imagery. It is as though he is caught in a net, her hair. The poet then suggests that she is controlling him, like a siren, Whose subtle art invisibly can wreathe My fetters of the very air I breathe? her subtle art is her singing voice and she is astounding him and taking his breath away with her fetters, which literally means chains but here it describes her voice as strong in, once again, a surprising use of imagery. In the final stanza, Marvell shows that he has given up hope and has let his love overcome him. He gives excuses to justify himself falling in love with this woman. He once more tells us that because she has two beautiful qualities, she is irresistible, Where victory might hang in equal choice, But all resistance against her is vain, Here, rather than telling us that love is the trouble as in the last two stanzas, he tells us that she is the problem. In the final line the poet mentions the sun as in the other two poems, She having both the wind and sun. although here the sun represents the womans eyes, instead of actually the sun. Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress is trying to convince his reluctant girlfriend, His Coy Mistress, to love him, It uses a different style than the other poem, although it keeps rhyming couplets: Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. It also uses three separate stanzas like the other two poems but it uses irregular sentence length. The writer uses a metaphysical combination of strong ideals and complex intellectual ideas to bring across his strong feelings. The writer uses three irregular sections using different methods to woo his mistress. The first section starts at Had we but the world on line one and ends at Nor would I love at lower rate. on line 20 and this is his concession. The method employed in this section is sarcastic and humorous. Had we but world enough, or time, This coyness, lady, were no crime. If the poet had an endless amount of time then it would not matter that his girlfriend is reluctant as he could spend forever convincing her to love him. We would sit down, and think which way, To walk, and pass our long loves day. This is exaggerated, creating idyllic and dream-like surroundings making the act of love seem very easy and casual. Marvell uses the typical clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that you can be miles apart but the love for each other keeps them together, Thou by the Indian Ganges side, Shouldst rubies find: I by the tide If he lived forever, he could gaze upon his lovers beauty eternally and spend forever before revealing his love I would Love you ten years before the flood, In the seventeenth century the bible was seen as history, rather than the metaphor people see it as today, it was believed that Noahs Ark was very close to the beginning of time. And you should, if you please, refuse Till the conversion of the Jews; This states that he would not complain about waiting to reveal his love and would even wait until the conversion of the Jews which is what people believed to be the end of the world, implying an anti-Semitic view. In this section, Marvell uses numbers of years to imply how long he would wait before he would reveal his love, rather than being rather vague earlier on. Two hundred to adore each breast and But thirty thousand to the rest, showing how he would not care how long hed have to wait to reveal his love because he could spend forever gazing upon his lovers beauty, Nor would I love at lower rate. This use of hyperbole is flattering and is used throughout the first stanza. But at my back I always hear Times winged chariot hurrying hear Immediately the mood of first section is reversed and inverted, stating that this is not reality and that death times winged chariot is catching up with them. And that after death, And yonder all before us lie, Deserts of vast eternity. There is nothing, giving an agnostic view that there is no heaven or hell, which would not have been orthodox in the seventeenth century. The next line, Thy beauty shall no more be found, saying that you will be beautiful when alive but when dead no one would be able to see that beauty and that it will have been wasted. On line 26, there is a short pause halfway through the line just after My echoing song which leads on to the second half of the line which uses even greater shocking imagery: then worms shall try That long-preserved virginity, And your greater honour turn to dust, And into ashes all my lust: Here, the poet writes that after death no one will be able to get to you but the worms as she decomposes and also that her honour in preserving her virginity is going to be worth nothing when shes dead and that, even though, death may be peaceful, The graves a fine and private place, But none, I think do these embrace. no one will be able to love her when shes dead. Through use of penetrating words and displeasing imagery, he is able to shock his lover. In the final section the word therefore is used to make the act of love seem logical and right. Now therefore, while the youthful hue Sits on my skin like morning dew, this shows that beauty will evaporate and fade away like dew on grass. It also suggests that soul wants to come out through the definition of fresh moist skin. This is further shown in the next lines: And while thy willing soul transpires With every pore with instant fires, Again stating that inside her, her soul is burning for her to lose her virginity and he is the right person to take it from her. The poet then uses imagery to show how he and his coy mistress should not waste time And now, like amorous prey, Rather at once our time devour the writer is stating that they should not wait to make love, but go for it now. The line, Our sweetness up into one ball, defines the ball as a perfect shape showing the perfection of love. It could also be seen as a cannon ball that is trying to break through boundaries, as explained in the penultimate lines, And tear our pleasures like rough strife Through the iron gates of life; shows that he will break through any barriers to get to what they want. This is a striking use of military imagery and is similar to the previous poem, The Fair Singer In the final line, Thus, though we can not make our sun Stand still, yet we will make him run. once again stating that even though you can not stop time, you can make it race, and commit to love as quickly as possible, in contrast to the way John Donne uses the sun in his poem, as he suggests that the sun does not need to move In his poem, The Sun Rising, Donne places the reader into his altered reality with a talking to for the sun busy old fool, unruly sun that through curtains calls upon him, seizing him from the bliss which no season knows. This bliss, a passionate love, stimulates him to create his own world in which he and his lover are the only important people. In this poem the narrator of the poem has got his woman unlike in the other two poems. He feels that because he is in love time does not apply to them. He suggests, while still talking to the sun, that it should go and wake people that need to be up early, Late schoolboys, and sour prentices, Go tell court huntsmen that the King will ride, He shows that he feels he and his lover are important and that the sun should go and Call country ants to harvest offices; Love, all alike, no seasons knows, nor clime, nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. Donne writes that love doesnt know the seasons and that love makes time stand still. He wants the sun to leave him alone. This is a humorous use of personification because the sun is not controlled by anyone, it cannot move anyway. In the time that this poem was written, people had a Ptolemaic view of the universe. It was thought that the sun revolved around the Earth. Donne then begins the next stanza with a joke, Thy beams so reverend and strong why shouldst thou think? The sun does not believe it is more important than anything else, which is what he is suggesting. I could eclipse them and cloud them with a wink, Donne shows how he can out-smart the sun, by closing his eyes; this is meant to be amusing as it has no brain. This then allows him to flatter his lover by saying he wants to see her, But that I would not lose her sight so long: Donne shows his wit again by flipping reality on its head, If her eyes have not blinded thine, in actuality the sun could blind her if she were to look directly at it. Later in the stanza the narrator reworks the view and replaces the earth with the bed that he is laying on, Whether both thIndias of Spice and Myne be where thou leftst them, or lie here with me. Although egotistical, Donne writes that the narrator and his lover are the centre of the universe. At the beginning of the third stanza the narrator says that he and his partner make up the whole world; She is all States, and all Princes, I nothing else is I feel that this is a good analogy because a State without a ruler could not last and a prince without land is incomplete. The speaker then admits that there are other people in the world but still believes that they are unimportant, Princes do but play us; He sees himself and his lover as more important than everyone else, even Princes who need to copy them. He reinforces this point in the next line, All honours mimic; all wealth alchemy. Here the narrator feels that he and his partner are gold and that everything else is some other worthless metal. Shine here to us, and thou art everywhere; This bed thy centre is, these walls thy sphere. Donne ends the poem with the narrator suggesting that the sun does not need to move because it only needs to warm the world and his bed is the whole Earth. This contradicts both the start of this poem and the end of To His Coy Mistress. Overall I think that the three poems used strange techniques, only one was addressed to the adored female although horrific and negative images were chosen. I feel that in modern times people have a more pessimistic view of love and less and less people would be willing to write a love poem, which would also be written very differently to these three poems. I think that the most interesting thing I found was that the poems were so odd and yet I also enjoyed how different people and their beliefs were in the seventeenth century.