Old Art Essay Example For Students

Old Art Essay In the seventeenth century a huge number of still lifes were created deals with canvas, copper and board all affectionately painted and enthusiastically bought. This mid year the observed Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam will have an exceptional presentation including the best instances of Dutch still lifes from 1550 to 1720. Somewhere in the range of 70 significant works of art will go to Amsterdam from such historical centers as Te Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Musee du Louver in Paris, the Gemaldegalerie in Berlin, the Nationalmuseet in Copenhagen and the Fresno Metropolitan Museum. Along with credits from private assortments (for example Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza in Madrid, the Frits Lugt Collection in Paris and the Michal Hornstein Collection in Montreal) they will give a breathtaking diagram of this famous kind just because. At no other time has there been a presentation which included all the various sorts of still life: the beautiful blossoms, the delicious natural products, the sumptous dinners, the suggestive breakfast pieces and stunning instances of the illusionistic trompe loeil. This unmatched presentation presents breathtaking works from such specialists as Brueghel, Coorte, Rembrandt, Saverij, and Van Huysum. The display is sorted out by the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam and the Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio. Crafted by Dutch still-life specialists keep on being universally appreciated as unmatched accomplishments in this classification in view of the amazing rendering of materials, the nuance of the sytheses and the accomplishments of point of view. Similarly respected is the straightforwardness, however it is frequently just clear and is established in nuance. It is momentous that these sublime works were commonly painted by craftsmen who are not generally known. Who has heard nowadays of Floris van Dijck? The vast majority will connect the name Brueghel with Pieter, the Peasant Brueghel, instead of with his child Jan, whose bloom artistic creations (feline. 3) make him one of the extraordinary bosses of the still life. Who has known about Pieter van Anraadt, the creator of the best painted earth pipes from Gouda (feline. 46), or of Daniel Seghers, world well known in the seventeenth century for his inimitable blossom pieces? The Rijksmuseum features these incredible however mostly secret craftsmen in this unique presentation. The still life in the NetherlandsThe standard of Dutch still lifes of the seventeenth century is unmatched. This unique quality, the spell cast by the best still lifes, was accomplished by a couple as well as by a serious extensive number of specialists. The presentation puts the focus on somewhere in the range of fifty craftsmen however that number could without much of a stretch have been more noteworthy. It is astounding that the prime of the class in the Netherlands endured for such a long time longer than a century. Considerably more shockingly, the exceptional exclusive expectation of work declined strongly from that point. Amazing still lifes were painted somewhere else from that point forward, yet the enchantment of the Dutch works of 1550 to 1720 was never equalled. The most punctual Dutch still lifes date from the second 50% of the sixteenth century. Pioneers, for example, Pieter Aertsen and Joachim Beuckelaar painted market and kitchen pieces loaded up with meat, fish, vegetables and natural product. Saverij and Brueghel prevailed upon the imperial places of Europe with their fragile bunches made out of roses from around the globe. In around 1600 the still life in the Northern and Southern Netherlands turned into a different classification and craftsmen started to practice. For instance, Floris van Dijck exceeded expectations at cheeses, Heda at silver and Jan van Huysum at bunches. Coorte focused on the refined effortlessness of shells, berries and asparagus. De Heem was an outright ace of complex and incredibly sumptuous still lifes. Other than the painters who focused completely on the class, there were other people who delivered sporadically still lifes. Instances of such works in the display incorporate the secretive composition by Torrentius (feline. .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be , .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be .postImageUrl , .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be , .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be:hover , .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be:visited , .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be:active { border:0!important; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be:active , .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be:hover { darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u180649cd2f7e874 563685aa8c44385be .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u180649cd2f7e874563685aa8c44385be:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The bluest eye 4 Essay 11) and the Dead Peafowl by Rembrandt (feline. 40). The dominance of the rendering of materials brought about an outstanding and diverting kind of still life, the trompe loeil. The portrayal, for instance, of the letter board by Samuel van Hoogstraten (feline. 54) is exact to the point that it nearly welcomes the watcher to grab hold of a letter. Correspondingly, the reports from the room of the City Treasury General in the Amsterdam town corridor in the work of art by Cornelis Brize (feline. 55) look practically unmistakable.

The Coal Miners in France During the Second Empire Essay -- World Hist

The Coal Miners in France During the Second Empire In this paper I will clarify why revolt by the work against capital in Second Empire France fizzled. To clarify the circumstance, I will utilize Marx's hypothesis of capital aggregation as he presents it in {Capital}. Moreover significant in the hypothetical depiction of this marvels is the job of convention and the manner in which its restrictions go astray from those of the economy in this French society. In light of this depiction I will talk about how the capacity of the executives is authorized by the economy and conventions natural in a general public. From these contemplations I will recommend extra components also, connections fundamental for social relations change to rise above the institutional conditions in which they exist. Phrasing relevent to a hypothetical record of an occasion is given by Talcott Parsons in {The Structure of Social Action}. Here, activity is depicted as a framework that might be isolated into unit acts. The unit demonstration comprises of four components. First there is an operator, or entertainer. Second, the act has an end which is a future situation or objective towards which the activity is situated. Third, there is where the patterns of create ment contrast from the end towards which the activity is situated. The circumstance is made out of two components; the conditions are what the on-screen character can't control as per his end, and the methods are that over which he doesn't have control. At long last there is a connection between these components; where a circumstance permits alterna-tive intends as far as possible, the course is chosen from the standardizing direction of the entertainer. (Parsons, 1968: 44) So as to represent the interrelationships in the chronicled occasion ... ... change. Occasions will along these lines do not occur anymore however achieve importance in the light of the source that the alluring component advocates. This change in standardizing directions comparative with the change in different components of the procedure must be reflected in the belief system. The belief system of social change may not just be a reiffication of the old in a reactionary structure. The substance of the philosophy, in being a reaction to the difference brought about by the economy and commonwealth, must be, for example, to rise above that which preceded it. This last condition, determining the relations between components fundamental for progressive change, may just be inferred in a general public which is neither an natural, composite entire nor one of irregular atomistic closures. Or maybe, the society must be one where the standardizing direction for interceding between conditions and means is one of accord.

Desalination Challenges And Prospective , Study Case The United Arab

Desalination Challenges And Prospective , Study Case The United Arab Desalination: Challenges And Prospective , Study Case: The United Arab Emirates â€" Thesis Example > Chapter 1:The Global Challenges of Desalination1.1 Fresh water stress: outlook of fresh water in the world The European Environment Agency (2016) defines freshwater stress as a measure of the strain that freshwater extraction for utility in diverse economic sectors puts on freshwater resources. On the other hand, the United Nations describes freshwater scarcity as a significant risk factor across all societies, as t contributes to extended systemic challenges like poor urban planning, extensive poverty, financial pressures on government institutions and structures and degradation of the environment. Cases of extreme water stress can lead to competition for the scarce water resources among users, and ultimately to a minimized water accessibility to downstream users, particularly during periods of drought or low water flow. A global outlook of the global freshwater situation by Few Resources (2016) reveals that only 2.5 percent of the entire water on the Earth surface is could be con sidered to be freshwater. Few Resources (2016) further reveals that a majority of the amount of amount of water is saline water, which is in the oceans. Some 30.1 percent of the 2.5 percent of the freshwater is groundwater found in aquifers. An additional 68.6% of the freshwater is from polar caps and glaciers, while a mere 1.3 percent of originates from rivers and lakes (See Figure 1) (Few Resources 2016). This implies that humans face significant freshwater scarcity, as they mostly rely on groundwater and surface water from rivers and lakes. Figure 1: Distribution of Earth's water (Few Resources 2016)In another study by Unesco (2015) of the distribution of water resources globally, it was concluded that runoff water and water from precipitation is unpredictable, as different regions of the earth receive diverse quantities of freshwater annually. Unesco further revealed that the increasing climate change was actually exacerbating the risks linked to the disparities in freshwater resource distribution and accessibility. Figure 2: Renewable water resources per capita in 2013 (UNESCO 2015). The increased water temperatures because of warmer climate that result from climate change and increased release of waste heat is also projected to reduce accessibility to freshwater by increased forms of water pollutions, including release of salts and pesticides, nutrients and dissolved sediments and thermal pollution. Greater focus has, therefore, been on groundwater as it has a significant function in diversifying freshwater supply. According to UNESCO (2015), of the overall global population, some 2.5 billion people are wholly dependent on groundwater resources for use. Despite this, there is a concern that the currently available groundwater resources are becoming increasingly depleted because of increased human population and their reduced rate of replenishment rates (El-Shamy Said 2014). The depletion rate of the groundwater is estimated to be at least 20 percent due to over-exploitation. This has led to severe implications, including intrusion into salt water and subsidence of land. There is a significant decline in the levels of groundwater globally. For instance, the withdrawal of freshwater in the Arabian Peninsula for instance is was approximated to be 505%, as a fraction of renewable water resources internally. Unesco (2015) also estimated that the overall quantity of groundwater footprint is nearly 3.5 times the size of aquifers, while some 1.7 billion people current reside in regions where they are at risk of freshwater scarcity because of depleted groundwater resources. On the other hand, some 80% of aquifers contain groundwater footprint estimated to be less than their regions. This implies that the net global value is depended on the few available yet immensely overused aquifers.

It was about two in the morning and everyone has went to...

It was about two in the morning and everyone has went to bed. I was awake, the house was so quite, I could hear everyone breathing. Elena and Andrea where sleeping on my bed with me. I was sitting at the foot of my bed watching Elena and Andrea sleep. It felt as if I was still going to cry even hours after everything. Wondering if they were going to show this part on T.V. or leave it out. Wondering if they were even going to keep the show going after this. Thinking I heard a door open, my heart speed up. What if... a scream almost left my lips when I see Zayn poke his head around the door looking in. He just looks at me, then holding out his hand for me to come. Slowly, I get up, taking him hand, letting him lead me. He walks us to the†¦show more content†¦He glared at her. I did my best to act like nothing was wrong or going on; that was the truth. â€Å"Do you mind?† I said to Louis who was standing right in front of me. He stepped to the side, so I could stand up. â€Å"Thank you.† I said, looking at Zany, he smiled. Starting to walked off I heard Andrea say â€Å"Wait of me.† I looked back, Zayn was running his hand throughout his hair, rubbing his eyes. â€Å"So?† Andrea said, smiling at me. Walking into our room I could feel her watching me. â€Å"Where have you to been?† Elena said, then adding, â€Å"Where are you dress and Zoey isnt?† Andrea looked around the room. â€Å"Is it just us?† she whisper. Elena shock her head no. I took this chance to sneak out of the room. Louis and Zayn were right where we left them. Right before I opened the glass door I could see my refection, I was in my pjs tank top and shorts, my hair as a bit messy; not really caring I open the door. Walked out. Walking off I toss my hair up in a ponytail. Do a few quick stretches. Then take off running. I havent been running in weeks. Part way down the beach I can hear my name being called so I stop running. Elena and Andrea where walking, seeing Elena cant run. Waiting for them to get closer I sit. I couldnt see the house any more. Once they got to me they just look at me, sitting down. I just look at them back. â€Å"Did she tell you?† I asked. The sun was shining, the wind was softly blowing as the two girl nod their headsShow MoreRelatedMitochondrial Pathway Of Mitochondrial And Mitochondrial Permeability Transition977 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined by the presence of conserved Bcl-2 homology domains (BH1 to BH4). Up to 30 Bcl-2 family genes have been identified in mammals, which have either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic functions. Some of the anti-apoptotic members include Bcl-2 itself, Bcl-XL, Bcl-w, BAG and Mcl-1 which possess all domains of BH1 to BH4. The pro-apoptotic family proteins can be divided into two subgroups: consists of Bak, Bax, and Bok with possess BH1 to BH3 domains, and Bad, Bid, Bik, BNIP3, Bim, Bmf, Blk, Hrk,Read MoreBcl-2 Protein Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagespro-apoptic proteins BAK and BAX, which undergo oligomerization that lead to outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) permeabilization and cytochrome c release. This, in turn, triggers caspase activation and promotes cell death (6, 7). This inhibi tion occurs by BH1-BH3 domains of Bcl-2, which they form a hydrophobic pocket binding and inhibiting BH3- only protein (Bim), consequently preventing the activation of BAK and BAX (8). Second, BCL-2 targets the inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) through itsRead MoreDevelopment Of BL 2 And BCL XL Case Study1393 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of haematological cancers. The family includes pro-apoptotic members (which promote cell death) and anti-apoptotic or pro-survival members (which prevent cell death) which are then categorised based on the number of BCL-2 homology domains (BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4) they share4, (for example the anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-2 and BCL-XL share very similar BH3 domains). They all share a similar general fold consisting of two central hydrophobic ÃŽ ±-helices surrounded by six or seven amphipathic ÃŽ ±-helices4

The Outsourcing Dilemma Essay example - 1929 Words

The Outsourcing Dilemma CIS Strategic Planning Introduction To outsource or not to outsource, that is the question. It is indeed a question that a CIO, CEO, or IT manager is likely to encounter. It is not a simple question, nor is the answer simple, and there is not a one size fits all solution. As with any decision, it is good to face it with facts and without prejudice. This work shall discuss factors that help determine the answer, risks, benefits, cost analysis, and implications to the business. Prevalence of outsourcing How prevalent is outsourcing of IT function? Is it true that outsourcing in US companies primarily sends work to foreign countries? According to a Culpepper Compensation and Benefit Survey of 68 science and†¦show more content†¦The traditional relationship would suit the client that knows exactly what the solution will look like and do, whereas the partnership relationship would suit the client that only knows the functionality that is needed but does not know how the solution would look. The options being offered are constantly changing as outsourcing providers attempt to predict the needs of future clients and respond to needs of present clients. Outsourcing is a broad topic and this work will address it in a general rather than a specific manner, differentiating only where the options are completely distinct. Strategic implications At the surface, it may appear that outsourcing would limit the control that the company would have over the IT function and resources, but is that really so? This question begs another one. Does the company have control now, or is the IT function already out of control? Can the company devote the kind of resource necessary to manage its own IT resources? Is it strategically a sound decision to have a department in the company that specializes in IT support, or would it be better to obtain service from a company that specializes in IT support? One thing is clear, a company must focus on its strategic mission. It cannot be fragmented from that mission by other areas of focus. This type of focus can happen with internal IT support if the IT department can perceive ownership of the company strategicShow MoreRelatedCross-Cultural Perspectives: Evaluating the Ethical and Social Responsibility of Software Outsourcing at Oracle1116 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluating the Ethical and Social Resp onsibility of Software Outsourcing at Oracle Introduction The ethicacy and social responsibility involved with the development of an effective software outsourcing strategy is a dilemma many American software companies are facing today. 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Grapes of Wrath Free Essays

Krystal Giffen The Grapes of Wrath Part 1: Literary Analysis 1. A. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhat’s this call, this sperit? ’ An’ I says, ‘It’s love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 23, Chapter 4). We will write a custom essay sample on Grapes of Wrath or any similar topic only for you Order Now This quote is an example of an metaphor. The use of this metaphor was to show the reader why the preacher doesn’t preach anymore. The effect the metaphor had on the reader was, for them to see how the preacher really viewed ‘the sperit’. B. â€Å"One cat’ takes and shoves ten families out. Cat’s all over hell now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 8, Chapter 2). This quote is an example of symbolism. The truck driver uses the animal cat to describe the people who tractor out croppers from their crops and homes. The effect of using a cat to describe someone was negative. The cat description made the reader view the person who tractors out croppers as evil, cunning and thoughtless. C. â€Å"†¦ The Bank -or the Company-needs-wants-insists-must have -as though the Bank or the Company were a monster, with thought and feeling which had ensnared them. † (pg. 31, Chapter 5). This quote is an example of an epic simile. The use of his simile is to show the reader that the Bank or Company that takes the land acts as a monster, being mean and cold. D. â€Å"Can you live without the willow tree? Well, no, you can’t. The willow tree is you. The pain of that mattress there – that dreadful pain – that’s you. † (pg. 89, Chapter 9). This quote is an example of a metaphor. The use of this metaphor is to relate all of the families belongings to them, that the belongings are indeed part of them. The effect of this metaphor is to show the reader how much the families belongings actually meant to them. E. â€Å"Damn it,’ he said, ‘a pick is a nice tool (umph), if you don’ fight it (umph). You an’ the pick (umph) workin’ together (umph)’ (pg. 298, Chapter 22). This quote is an example of Epizeuxis. The use and effect of this epizeuxis is to show emphasis on how heavy the pick was and how hard it was to work back then. The epizeuxis helps the reader image Tom working in the hot sun with the heavy pick, working for just twenty-five cents an hour. 2. A. â€Å"You know the land is poor. You’ve scrabbled at it long enough, God knows. The squatting tenant men nodded and wondered and drew figures in the dust, and yes, they knew, God knows†¦ The owner men went on leading to their point: You know the land’s getting poorer†¦ If they could only rotate the crops they might pump blood back into the land. Well, it’s too late†¦ A man can hold land if he can just eat and pay taxes; he can do that. Yes, he can do that until his crops fail one day and he has to borrow money from the bank†¦ a bank or a company can’t do that, because those creatures don’t breathe air, don’t eat side-meat. They breather profits; they eat the interest on money†¦ Can’t we just hang on? Maybe the next year will be a good year. God knows how much cotton next year†¦ Next year, maybe†¦ We can’t depend on it. The bank-the monster has to have profits all the time. It can’t wait. It’’ die. No, taxes go on†¦ The tenant system won;t work anymore†¦ You’ll have to get off the land. The plow’ll go through the dooryard† (pg. 33, Chapter 5). The significance of this passage is that it shows how the Banks would take the land from the croppers and how the croppers were crushed. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows the reader how the migration to the west started, how hundreds of families would get evicted from their land and forced to move elsewhere. B. â€Å" ‘Who’s in here? ’ Ma asked. ‘What is it you want, mister? ’ ‘What you think I want? I want to know who’s in here. ’ ‘Why, they’s jus’ us three in here. Ma an’ Granma an’ my girl. ’ ‘Where’s your men? ’ ‘Why they went down to clean up. We was drivin’ all night. ’ ‘Where’d you come from? ’ ‘Right near Sallisaw, Oklahoma. ’ ‘Well, you can’t stay here. ’ ‘We aim to get out tonight an’ cross the desert, mister. ’ ‘Well you better. If you’re here tomorra this time I’ll run you in. We don’t want none of you settlin’ down here. ’†¦ ‘Mister,’ she said, ‘ you got a tin button an’ a gun. Where I come from, you keep your voice down. ’ She advanced on him with the skillet. He loosened the gun in the holster. ‘Go ahead,’ said Ma. ‘Scarin women/ I’m thankful the men folks ain’t here. They’d tear ya to pieces. In my country you watch your tongue. ’ The man took two steps backward. ‘Well, you ain’t in your country now. You’re in California, an’ we don’t want you goddamn Okies settlin’ down. ’ †¦ ‘Yeah, Okies! An’ if you’re here when I come tomorra, I’ll run ya in† (pg. 215, Chapter 18). The significance of this passage is it shows how life changed so much once the Joads moved west, they were in someone else’s territory now. This passage shows how the Joads would have to change the way they acted since they moved to California. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows the reader how difficult and cruel it was to move to the West back during the dust bowl. People weren’t treated equally because of were they came from and how poor they were. C. â€Å"They had no more the stomach-tearing lust for the rich acre and a shining blade to plow it, for seed and a windmill beating its wings in the air. They arose in the dark no more to hear the sleepy birds’ first chittering, and the morning wind dear acres. These things were lost, nd crops were rechoned in dollars, and land was valued by principal plus interest, and crops were bought and sold before they were planted. Then crop failure, drought, and flood were no longer little deaths within life, but simple losses of money. And all their love was thinned with money, and all their fierceness dribbled away in interest until they were no longer farmers at all, but little shopkeepers of crops, little manufacturers who must sell before they can make. Then those farmers who were not good shopkeepers lost their land to good shopkeepers. No matter how clever, how loving a man might be with earth and growing things, he could not survive if he were not also a good shopkeeper. And as time went on, the business men had the farms, and the farms grew larger, but there were fewer of them† (pg. 231-232, Chapter 19). The significance of this passage is it shows the reader how the land used to be owned by people, farmers, who loved the land and cared for the land but it turned into a business over the years. Farming wasn’t about the feel or love anymore, it was all about money. This passage relates to the work as a whole because the whole book is about how money can affect people, how ownership can turn into something terrible and turn people against each other. D. â€Å"She sat down and opened the box. Inside were letters, clippings, photographs, a pair of earrings a little gold signet ring and a watch chain braided of hair and tipped with gold swivels†¦ For a long time she held the box, looking over it, and her fingers disturbed the letters and then lined them up again†¦ And at last she made up her mind†¦ She took a letter from an envelope and dropped the trinkets in the envelope. She folded the envelope and put it in her dress pocket†¦ She lifted the stove lid and laid the box gently among the coals. Quickly the heat browned the paper†¦ She replaced the stove lid and instantly the fire sighed up and breather over the box† (pg. 108, Chapter 10). The significance of this passage is it shows the reader how it’s so hard for the Joad’s to just give up all their belongings and leave. This relates to the story as a whole because it show’s how during the dust bowl you had to give up a lot if you wanted to survive. E. â€Å"I know, Ma. I’m a-tryin’. But them deputies- Did you ever see a deputy that didn’ have a fat ass? An’ they waggle their ass an’ flop their gun aroun’. Ma,’ he said, ‘if it was the law they was workin’ with, why, we could take it. But it ain’t the law. They’re a-workin’ away at our spirits. They’re a-tryin’ to make us cringe an’ crawl like a whipped bitch. They tryin’ to break us. Why, Jesus Christ, Ma, they comes a time when the on’y way a fella can keep his decency is by takin’ a sock at a cop. They’re workin’ on our decency† (pg. 278-279, Chapter 20). The significance of this passage is it shows how even the law was corrupt do to greediness. The deputies were corrupt so they could eat, feed their family and feel powerful. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows how people change once hunger and stable living comes into play. The people who have nothing are honest and look out for each other while people who have something do everything in their power to keep it, even if that means corrupting what’s right. Part 2: Plot, Setting, Themes and Vocabulary 3. Tom Joad- A young man, the favorite child of the Joad family. Tom went to jail for killing a man at a bar fight, but he got put on parole after 4 years in prison for his good record. He doesn’t regret what he did, he even says he’d do it again if he had to. Tom is the one who guides his family throughout the book, acting as the protector of the family. 4. Tom’s purpose in the story was to lead the Joad family to California and to make sure he could do everything in his well-being to make living possible for him and his family. Tom is a dynamic character, he changes when there are different people around. He knows when he needs to keeps pushing or when he needs to stop. 5. Tom is related to the majority of the other characters. Toms relationship with Casy is that they met when Tom was searching for his family, and they helped each other out because they knew what each other was going through. Tom and Floyd are very similar in that they want they same thing, they want to do good for their family. Tom was the once who suggested that Ivy and Sairy Wilson travel with the Joads. Muley Graves- A former neighbor of the Joads. Helped Tom find his family when he first got out of jail. Muley got evicted from his house just like the Joads but he could’t leave the land, his family left him for California. 4. Muley’s function in the story was to help Tom find his family when he got out of jail and went back home. Muley was a static character who just showed his anger towards the bankers and Willy. 5. Muley was the Joad’s neighbor back in Oklahoma, and used to go to church where Casy was the preacher. Ma Joad- Ma Joad is the mother of the Joad family, she’s the one who is trying to keep the family together throughout the whole book. She takes on all her motherly duties without the blink of an eye. She is tough and won’t get pushed around easily but doesn’t know when not to speak up when she is getting pushed around. . Ma’s purpose in the story was to hold the family together and be strong when no one else could. She helped the family stay together though all the tough times. Ma was a dynamic character who changes a lot throughout the story. She was very quiet at the being of the story but once the story progressed she got more vocal and outspoken. 5. Ma is the mother of all the Joad family. She used to bring the Joad’s to the church that Casy used to preach at. The Wilson’s helped Ma out by sharing the food they had with the whole Joad family. Pa Joad- The tenant farmer who got evicted from his farm, the father of the Joad family and married to Ma Joad. Once he got evicted he focused on getting the family to California. Once they got to California Pa wasn’t able to find work and became weaker than Ma and became desperate. 4. Pa’s purpose was to help the family get to California and find work once they got there. Since Pa didn’t find work, he helped Ma out. Pa is a static character who doesn’t change much during the book. 5. Pa is the father of the Joad father and went to the church that Cast used to preacher at. Pa helped any way he could with the Wilson’s car when it was broken-down. Jim Casy- Jim was a former preacher until he gave it up because he got to thinking that ‘the sperit’ he believed in so much was just love, and the other spirit wasn’t in him anymore. He goes along with the Joad family to California but before he could find a job he got arrested to protect Tom during a fight between laborers and a deputy from the California police. During the trip to California he helps the Joad family out a lot by praying for both Granma and Granpa Joad when they passed. 4. Casy’s purpose in the story was to the Joad family by praying when it needed to be done like at Granma and Granpa Joad’s deaths. Casy was a dynamic character because at the beginning of the story he was alone because he didn’t want to preach anymore but as the story moved on he preached when he had to and he also saved Tom and Floyd by giving himself in. 5. Jim Casy used to the preacher that the Joad family used to go to, he baptized Tom when he was younger. Casy helped Floyd out by giving himself up instead of letting Tom and Floyd take the blame. Casy was the preacher of Muley’s family too. Noah Joad- The first born of the Joad family. He was deformed at birth because Pa panicked during the delivery and tried to pull him out. He felt that he wasn’t as loved as the other Joad children so he left the family at a stream near the California border, saying he was better off there. 4. Noah’s purpose in the story was to help the family get to California. Noah could be both a dynamic or a static character because throughout the whole story he didn’t change much but at the river he took a bold step and left the family. 5. Noah was the oldest son of the Joad family, who used to go see Casy preach. Noah never met Floyd and Muley used to be his neighbor. Rose of Sharon (Rosasharn)- the oldest daughter in the Joad family who is married to Connie. She journeys to California with Connie and the Joad family while being pregnant. The couple imagines how life will be once they get to California but once reality hits Connie abandons her during their first stop in California, and her baby is born dead. 4. Rose of Sharon’s purpose in the book was to be strong when so many bad things happen in life all at once. Rose of Sharon showed how you had to be mature and strong even though live was tough. Rose of Sharon was a dynamic character because at first she was love struck but then she started acting immature and babyish. But by the end of the book she matured and was a strong woman. 5. Rose of Sharon was the oldest daughter in the Joad family. She used to be preached by Jim Casy and was married the Connie. Ivy and Sairy Wilson were friends while they traveled together. Connie- He is Rose of Sharon’s husband who has unrealistic dreams with his wife. He dreams too much and soon abandons Rose of Sharon to go study tractors and to hopefully get paid 3 dollars and hour. His leaving surprises only Rose of Sharon. . Connie’s purpose in the story was to leave the Joad family to show how stress, depression and money can really move some people. Connie was also a dynamic character because he was ‘in love’ with Rose of Sharon for the whole story until they got to California and reality hit that getting a job was harder than they both thought. Connie left the Jo ad family in hopes that he would be able to make 3 dollars a day back in Oklahoma. 5. Connie was married to Rose of Sharon making him a brother in-law and son in-law of the Joad family. Casy was just an acquaintance of Connie. Connie never met Muley or Floyd. Granma Joad- Granma loved having Casy around because she was a Christian. She too loved to torment Granpa Joad just like he did her. Once Granpa died she started to slowly die herself, she dies right after the Joad family reaches California. 4. Granma’s purpose in the story was to show even though she was dying the family never left her behind because she was family. Granma was static character because while Granpa was alive all they did was rise hell with each other but once he didn’t she got sick and didn’t talk or do much. 5. Granma Joad was the mother of Pa and the Granma of the Joad children. She loved Casy because she was a devoted Christian and he was a preacher. Granma Joad appreciated the help of the Wilson’s during Granpa’s death. Granma never met Floyd. Granpa Joad- He was the one who ran the Indian’s off of the land to make the Joad farm possible, is now old and feeble. He loves to torment his wife and family. He is connected to the land and didn’t want to leave it for California, but Tom drugged him to get him to come. On their first stop along the journey Granpa dies of a stroke, most likely a heat stroke. 4. Granpa’s purpose in the story was to show his love for the land was stronger that anything else. Once he left the land he got sick and died. Granpa was a dynamic character because during the whole story he would just rise hell for the whole family but then once he was about to die he broke down and started crying. 5. Granpa Joad was the father of Pa and the Granpa of the Joad children. Granpa like Casy because he would pray for his wife. Granpa Joad never really met the Wilson’s but they helped him out tremendously by giving him a tent to die in. Granpa never met Floyd and was the neighbor of Muley. Al Joad- 16-year old son of the Joad family. His main interest is in girls and cars. He was responsible for the whole family on the long voyage to California because the car was his responsibility. If something happened to the car it would have been his fault, resulting in the suffering of his family. He looks up to Tom throughout the book, but soon becomes his own man. He falls in love with Agnes Wainwright while working and stays with her instead of leaving with his family. 4. Al’s purpose in the story was to help keep the car running on their journey to California. Al made sure the car kept running all the way to California and made sure it never broke down. Al was a dynamic character because he was some what immature at the beginning of the story but he ended up acting very mature by the end of the story. He was idolized Tom, but soon grew up to be his own man. 5. Al was the middle son of the Joad family. He helped Floyd fix his car before they had to flee the Hooverville. Al helped the Wilson’s by fixing their car too. Casy made sure Al wasn’t around when he got arrested so their wouldn’t be any connection to Tom. Ivy and Sairy Wilson- The Joads met the Wilson’s on their first night stop on their journey to California. Both of the Wilson’s were sweet and nice, they lent their tent to the Joad’s so that Granpa Joad would have a comfortable place to die. To return the favor Al and Tom fixed their broken-down car, and then they two families decided to travel to California together. During the journey their car break down again and Al and Tom fix it again but before they can move on the Wilson’s said they couldn’t move on because of Sairy’s health. 4. The Wilson’s purpose in the story was to help the Joad family by sharing their food and their car with them. The Wilson’s showed the reader that even during these tough times people could still be nice. The Wilson’s were static characters always being helpful but knew because of Sairy’s health they would eventually have to stop. 5. The Wilson’s relationship with the Joad family was they helped each other out, they were friends. The Wilson’s liked Casy because before the Joad’s left the Wilson’s Casy prayed for Sairy even though he didn’t want to. The Wilson’s never met Muley or Floyd. Uncle John- Pa’s brother who is crazy, stringy and mean. John is filled with guilt and shame because years ago he didn’t get a doctor for his 4 month pregnant wife who complained of stomach pains and died the day after from a ruptured appendix. He blames himself for her death and because of it his loneliness cuts him off from people and his appetite. 4. Uncle John’s purpose in the story was to help out in any way he could but to also show selfishness when he got depressed. Uncle John was a static character because throughout the whole story he just felt guilty and ashamed of what he did so long ago. 5. Uncle John was Pa’s brother and the Uncle of the Joad family. He talked to Casy about his sins a few times and appreciated the advice of Casy. Uncle John was the neighbor of Muley and never really met Floyd. Ruthie Joad- The sencond and youngest Joad daughter who has almost a twin-like relationship with her younger brother Winfield. During the book they do almost everything together, they feed off of each other’s energy. 4. Ruthie’s purpose in the story was to help out Ma in any way she could and some what look after Winfield whenever they were together. Ruthie was a dynamic character because at the beginning of the story she acted fearless but during the story we found out she was only fearless with Winfield by her side. She also acted immaturely and didn’t think things through before she spoke. 5. Ruthie was the youngest daughter of the Joad family and used to be preacher by Casy. The Wilson’s were companions of hers, Muley was her old neighbor and she never really met Floyd. Winfield Joad- He is the youngest Joad at the age of ten. He does everything with Ruthie. 4. Winfield’s purpose was to help Ma out in any way he could. Winfield was the youngest child in the story and had to grow up during these tough times making it hard to act like normal ten year-old. Winfield was a static character because he was just a child throughout the whole story. 5. Winfield was the youngest child of the Joad family. He traveled with the Wilson’s and Casy but never talked out associated with them much. Muley used to be Winfield’s neighbor and he never really met Floyd. Floyd Knowles- A migrant worker who Tom meets at the first Hooverville. He gives Tom word on a job up north. His outspokenness gets him into an argument with a deputy where Casy gets arrested for him and Tom’s sake. 4. Floyd’s purpose in the book was to help the Joad’s find work and to work with Tom in making labor unions. Floyd was a dynamic character because he seemed go know when to stop talked when he first got introduced but once the deputy came into the story he was outspoken. . Floyd helped the Joad family out by giving them word on work up north. Casy gave himself in for Floyd and Tom. Floyd never met the Wilson’s or Muley. Part 3: Plot, Setting, Themes and Vocabulary 6. The central settings of the story were in Oklahoma and California. The significance of Oklahoma was that was wher e the whole story started. Oklahoma was were the Joad family grew up but they got evicted from their house. Oklahoma got changed while they were living there. Granpa Joad stole the land and then the land got stolen from him but the Bank Company. Oklahoma was not there home anymore so they moved on to California. California was described as beautiful land with plenty of jobs available. But once they reached California they learned that the land was beautiful but the people who owned it were not. California was dirty land because of the people who ran it. California wasn’t what the Joad’s expected and they wanted to change that, and Tom eventually did. 7. The exposition of Grapes of Wrath is Tom gets paroled out of jail and goes to find his family. He finds out both his family and his Uncle got evicted from their homes so they travel to California for work. The main conflict throughout the whole book is the drought of the Dust Bowl, which results in hundreds of families getting evicted from their homes and being forced to move west. The Joad family was one of those hundreds of families who had to move. The rising action in the story is the journey of the Joad family to California. Once in California the Joad family has a hard time finding work, and at the first Hooverville get into an argument with a local deputy, resulting in Casy getting arrested. The family lives at a government camp for a while but then move on to find work. One night there was a strike at an orchard and Tom finds Casy there. Casy gets murdered by one of the policeman that was trying to stop the strike. In response, Tom kills the policeman in spite, which is the climax of the story. Tom becomes an outlaw and has to hide from the world to protect his family. In the end Tom ends up running, leaving the rest of his family to escape and be free, which is the resolution of the story. 8. The major themes presented in the work are Bad treatment of the migrant workers, also known as the Okies; the Survival of Kinship and Growth and Maturity. Bad treatment of the migrant workers in one of the major themes in the Grapes of Wrath because all of the Okies looking for work would be smaller wages and would have to live in Hoovervilles. The workers barely made it by because of how badly they were being treated and paid but the California police and land owners. An example of this would be how the first deputy treated Floyd and Tom because they were outspoken. The Survival of Kinship is also another major theme in the Grapes of Wrath because Ma tries to keep the family together no matter what. During the Dust Bowl all you could count on was your family, no one else. Family is the only thing the Okies really had left, so they would do anything in there power to stay together. An example of keeping the family together would be when Tom had to knock Uncle John out to have him move up north with the rest of the family. Growth and Maturity was also a major theme in the Grapes of Wrath. Every character grew and matured during the story, showing the reader that the only why they would be able to keep living would be to grow up and become mature. An example would be how Rose of Sharon matured after her baby was a still born. 9. Emulsion- a mixture of mutually insoluble liquids in which one is dispersed in droplets throughout the other; a light-sensitive coating on photographic film or paper. â€Å"Now the dust was evenly mixed with the air, an emulsion of dust and air† (pg. 3, Chapter 1). Insinuation- to imply in a subtle, indirect, or artful way â€Å"His voice had the same quality of secrecy and insinuation his eyes had† (pg. 8, Chapter 2). Judiciously- having, exercising, or characterized by sound judgement â€Å"The driver squinted judiciously ahead and built up the speed of the truck a little† (pg. 8, Chapter 2). Auger- a tool for boring †¦ and sometimes they drove big earth augers into the ground for soil tests† (pg. 31, Chapter 5). Beseech- to beg urgently â€Å"He did not know or own or trust or beseech the land† (pg. 35, Chapter 5). Leanto- A shed with a single-pitch roof attached to the side of a building; A shelter made from planks or branches raised in the front on poles. â€Å"Joad paused at the entrance to the tool-shed leanto, an no tools were there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 40, Chapter 6). Petulant- Unreasonably irritable or ill tempered; peevish. â€Å"†¦ the mouth held tight and small, the little eyes half scowling, half petulant† (pg. 45, Chapter 5). Peddler- One who peddles for a living, a hawker; also called â€Å"packman†. â€Å"She aimed to go for that peddler with the ax†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 48, Chapter 5). Boils- A painful swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with a hard pus-filled center, caused by bacterial infection, usually occurring at a hair follicle. â€Å"Look out for boils on that jackrabbit† (pg. 50, Chapter 5). Blazoned- To paint or depict (a coat of arms) with accurate heraldic detail; to adorn or embellish with or as if with blazons; to announce publicly; proclaim loudly and widely â€Å"†¦ the garages with blazoned signs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 61, Chapter 5). Jalopy- An old, dilapidated car. Get ‘em out in a jalopy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 61, Chapter 6). Heifer- A young cow, especially one that has not yet given birth to a calf. â€Å"Well, one day he takes a heifer over to Graves’ bull† (pg. 70, Chapter 7). Meerchaum- A claylike material consisting of hydrated magnesium s ilicate; A tobacco pipe with the bowl made from this. â€Å"Over old Tom’s unwhiskered cheek bones the skin was as brown as meerschaum†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 71, Chapter 8). Citadel- A fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city. â€Å"She seemed to know, to accept, to welcome her position, the citadel of the family†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 74, Chapter 8). Jabbering- talk rapidly and excitedly but with little sense; fast, excited talk that makes little sense. â€Å"All over the State, jabbering in the Hoovervilles† (pg. 237, Chapter 19). 10. A). Why were the deputies corrupting the law and treating the Okies unfairly? B). What the importance of keeping the family together even though Tom killed another man and was on the run from the law? C). Did Rose of Sharon do any real sin that would result in her having a still born baby? D). Was it right of Casy to give himself up for Tom, just so he could get in trouble with the law again? E). What was the outcome of the Dust Bowl? How to cite Grapes of Wrath, Essay examples

John Brown free essay sample

The white abolitionist John Brown who has been thought of as a thief and in contrast a religious prophet led a raid at Harper’s Ferry in 1859. He attempted to start an armed slave revolt by gathering 16 whites and 5 blacks. They stole a numerous amount weapons held at the U. S Federal Arms. The raid was then stopped by a squad of U. S. Marines, that was led by Robert E. Lee. In my opinion John Brown was justified in the events of Harper’s Ferry because all of the violence he committed was for a greater greater cause There were many reasons why John Brown was justified. First off by using violence as a self defense and defense of others Brown was stabbed by the U. S Marines defending himself and his men. Secondly, he was justified by using violence as a just cause. He did this by revolting to gain freedom for slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on John Brown or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The third reason why his violence was justified is because it was for the right intent, Brown fought for a new government so the slaved could be rescued and protected. The fourth reason why he was justified was by using violence as a last resort, the government refused equality of slaves to get freedom was to fight. The fifth Brown used violence was justified was because the revolting led to the civil war which ended slavery, therefore the revolting resulted in a greater good for many people. The last reason that was justified for violence was because of the probability of success. Instead of leaving his men to die he stood up and did whatever he could to guard the slaves while he was on the verge of dying. On the other hand there weren’t as many reasons why Brown was not justified for using violence. To start he was not justified when using legitimate authority. The reason he was fighting was â€Å"by the authority of God Almighty† as Brown said which is not justified. Secondly he was not justified for his act of violence in the use of proportionality. This is because they captured innocent people that were not part the revolt. The last reason was that Brown went against noncombatant immunity by causing a guard to join their revolt, and when he refused to join he was shot. This is not justified because Brown brought unarmed civilian into war that wasn’t supposed to be in war. I agree that John Brown’s violence was justified for the mere fact that the number of justified things overcame the number of things not justified. To start he was just trying to defend himself and others when being approached by the U. S Marines this is nothing but justified. Also he did all of this by revolting to gain freedom for the slaves. He did it for the better and I don’t see anything wrong with putting an end to people being treated like animals. He was also justified when he fought the government so he could rescue and protect the slaves. Protecting others is the right thing to do at least in my opinion. Lastly I think he was justified because even while he was wounded and close to death he fought through it and tried to fight back to protect the slaves. That in my eyes is a person who is justified. Now this is from my own experience where I was justified. While in a snowball fight one of the opposing kids through a piece of ice instead of snow. Of course this was prone to end in a bad result and did just that as it hit my friend in the eye. He reacted by running at the kid that through the ice and attempted to fight him. At first I didn’t know if I should step in or stand and watch. Then I reacted right after the first punch by my friend was thrown. I ran up to them both and pushed the other kid onto the ground away from my friend. I then pulled my friend away and brought him in my old apartment complex. The other two kids both walked home and my friend DJ came over. I felt I was justified in this occasion because I only pushed the kid to separate them both and avoiding them from getting injured and was a greater good for the greater number. In the life of John Brown he was justified for his violence. He is deffinately a very important person in the United States as he aided in the abolishment of slaves. He did do something that was not justified but it did not compare to the amount justified. I think that John Brown should be known to everyone across the country as a great man with a even greater purpose. .

Poetry Unit Test Imagist Movement, Harlem Renaissance, Modern Poetry Flashcard

Poetry Unit Test: Imagist Movement, Harlem Renaissance, Modern Poetry

Managing an Equal Opportunity Organization

Managing an Equal Opportunity Organization Free Online Research Papers Abstract: This paper assess on the challenges organisations face when executing gender equality at workplace. Tracing back to the basic form or gender discrimination, where it was taken as a conventional form in some developing places, to extreme feminism practise, where reverse discrimination against men is discussed. Gender equality is essential to improve productivity and creativity at workplace. On the other hand, some criticism argued gender equality being to ideal is analysed. The finding was danger could arise when employees or employers forget or ignore the essence of gender equality, therefore recommendations are given to remind everyone in an organisation when it comes to gender discrimination. Table of Contents 1.1 Introduction-The paradox of women’s orientation in a society 3 2.1 What is discrimination? 4 2.2 Laws to ensure gender equality at work place 5 2.3 Infanticide of Female Babies in India and China 5 2.4 Achieved Status and Ascriptive Status 7 2.5 Self-promotion=Social rejection? 8 2.6 Importance of a gender discrimination free environment for employees 8 2.7 Rhetoric aspects of gender equality 10 2.7.1 Gender equality and the competency matrix 10 2.7.2 Gender equality or women’s priority? 11 3.1 Conclusion 12 References 14 List of appendix: Figure 1: Taylor W. (2007) the competency matrix. National College of Natural Medicine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦p.12 1.1 Introduction-The paradox of women’s orientation in a society â€Å"Women have been taught that, for us, the earth is flat, and that if we venture out, we will fall off the edge† (Authuor Unknown). This myth has been for decades a barrier to women who wants to expresses their feelings, to show others that women are capable of what man can do. The current Chinese president Hu Jintao noted, â€Å"Women are a great source of strength in creating human civilisation. The promotion of gender equality and protection of women’s right impact on the immediate interests of women and decide whether human beings can fully develop their potential and pursue a better life.† (www.people.com.cn). This creates a paradox of â€Å"Women are a great source of strength† versus â€Å"Women should not venture out†. Where should women stand? What role can they play in a society? At work place, maintaining gender equality is essential to ensure every employee is enjoying a discrimination free environment, therefore eliminating the possibility of employees not speaking up due to unnecessary backdrop. Women has been seems to be the victim of gender discrimination. However, could this happen in other forms, where men are being discriminated? The aim of this paper is to investigate the dilemma of organisations, when trying to execute sex equity. Looking at what difficulties organisation faces, when attempt to maintain a gender discrimination free environment for all employees. There are three objectives to achieve the aim. Firstly, is to access the ‘conventional’ gender discrimination in some places. Secondly, is to evaluate the importance of ensuring a gender discrimination free environment for employees. Thirdly, recommendation will be given on how an organisation can maintain gender equality at work places. 2.1 What is discrimination? â€Å"Direct Discrimination occurs when on the grounds of sex, sexual orientation, civil partnership, marital status, race, religion or belief or sexual orientation grounds whether the characteristics in questions are those of the person treated less favourably or some other person† Lewis and Sargeant (2007). Behind the word ‘discrimination’, right, freedom, justice and tolerance are hidden concepts. Discrimination could also exits in an indirect form, â€Å"the concept of indirect discrimination allows us to treat discrimination on a non-proscribed ground as discrimination on a proscribed ground. This broadens significantly the reach of non-discrimination law† Doyle (2000). This makes indirect discrimination vaguer to be protected by laws. Nevertheless, these laws are still solid guidelines and foundation for gender equality. 2.2 Laws to ensure gender equality at work place Some of the important anti gender discrimination legislation include: the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Equal Pay Act 1970 outlaws ‘equality clause operates when a person is employed on ‘like work’, work rated as equivalent or work of equal value to that of a person of the opposite sex in the same employment. The Sex Discrimination outlaws discrimination and harassment against civil partners and married (but not single persons) (Lewis and Sargeant 2004). In Sex Discrimination Act 1975 section 21A, clarifies that it is unlawful for a public authority to discriminate or commit acts of harassment on the grounds of sex when performing its functions. Moreover, public authorities are required to eliminate unlawful sex and race discrimination and sexual harassment, also, to promote equality of opportunity and good relations between men and women and persons of different racial groups (ibis). However, these laws are often criticised for being short-term and limited approach (Shapiro and Olgiati 2002). Torrington and Hall (1995) argued that a policy does not intentionally make to change the situation but could be merely symbolic. Can these laws overturn the millennia of inequality? It might be relatively difficult to implement in some parts of the world, where women are widely recognised as low-status. 2.3 Infanticide of Female Babies in India and China Discrimination of sexes can actually exist in a ‘conventional’ form. The phenomenon of infanticide female babies in two of the most populous nation- India and China is a valid example. It reflects the low status of women. In some rural parts of India, no baby girl was found at all. In the other thirty villages, there were 343 boys to 54 girls. Why those Indians infanticide baby girls? As some of they think sons are called upon to generate income, they work hard in fields. Therefore, sons are viewed as a type of insurance (Porras 1996). Conversely, these families prospect bride must pay huge amount of money to the family she is marrying to. The wedding expensive usually sum up to more than a million rupees (US $ 35,000). Whist an average Indian earns about 100,000 rupees ($3,500) a year. For poor families, they see baby girls as a dowry but boys as income generator. This has always be the case in India, and as a conventional form. In some parts of the world, government ar e accused to permit, or even encourage the killing of handicapped, female infants or unwanted child. For instance, 200.B.C in Greece, among 6,000 families living in Delphi, less than 1% had two daughters, murdering of female infants was so common. In China, a tradition of infanticide and abandonment, especially of females, existed in China before the foundation of the People’s Republic in 1949 (Zeng 1994). Chinese thinks that when a girl gets marry, she leaves the family and become part of her husband’s family. Conversely, a boy child can ensure someone will take care of them in their old age. Infanticide babies no matter of which gender is brutal, if action is not taken, this will continue and pollute societies world-wide. However, how has the low status of women being implemented to the prosecutors’ head? 2.4 Achieved Status and Ascriptive Status Any further discussion on gender should begin with distinguishing between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’. According to Mukhopadhyay and Sudarshan (2001), the term ‘sex’ is a biological determined attribute, and it is not easy to change. Whilst ‘gender’ being the social constructed roles, which the significance vary from one society to another. In addition, the status of gender changes obviously as a society develops over time. What construct the importance and roles play by different gender? There are two main sets of factors, determined by achieved status or by ascriptive status. Achieved status refers to ‘a status acquired by an individual through her efforts, often through competition and the use of special abilities, knowledge and skill’ (Government of Indian 1974 :7). On the other hand, ascriptive status refers to ‘any status not based on individual ability, skill efforts or accomplishment, but on inherited positions in society’ (ibis). Achieved status involve personal attributes, change according to the individual’s desire. In contrast, an individual do not have control over ascriptive status, as it involve the collective consciousness of a community, for instance, norms of family, kinship, nature of conjugal contract, religion etc. (Grusky and Manwai 2008). Fortunately, the ascriptive value has come down in level as time pass by as people are getting more educated, they are more enlighten to respect one another. However, there are still bunch of people out there stereotyping women. 2.5 Self-promotion=Social rejection? According to (Borgida, Hunt and Kim 2005), when one forms an initial impression of women, one always rely on their perspective of stereotyped women, than on information on a specific woman. What will one think about a woman when she attempts to clime the occupational hierarchy? The research of (Bordiga, Hunt and Kim 2005) argue that in order for a woman to perceived as compatible to her male counterparts in leadership roles, she must clearly keep on emphasising her past successes, and be a self-promoter. Ironically, this form of self-promotion could likely form social rejection, and therefore creates a dilemma for women (ibis), as modesty is considered a feminine trait but not self-promotion. Rudman and Glick (1999) explored on what perception could form when women present themselves as assertive and directive-or as competence leaders. The finding was these women are viewed as betraying their feminine gender roles, thus, no longer perceived to own feminine interpersonal skills. (Heilman, Wallen, Fuchs and Tamkins 2004) carried out further study on how gender stereotypes affect the perceptions of competence among female job applicants. The finding was people stereotyped man as more competitive before they look at their candidate’s prior job performances. To draw a conclusion of the findings of different researchers, women are given difficult position at work places. Without conscious practice of gender equality, what could happen to organisations? 2.6 Importance of a gender discrimination free environment for employees Rees and McBain (2004) argued that employees are a company’s most valuable asset. In addition, to attract and retain talent is a key corporate challenge. Gender discrimination, when favouring either male or female in an organisation, could bring an organisation at risk by limited capable individuals to perform at his or her best. Moreover, Goss (1998) noted â€Å"equal opportunities is primarily a moral or ethical project that focuses on the processes giving rise to inequalities and seeks to address these in a qualitative sense, not by reducing social difference to a common economic currency, but by promoting its acceptance and understanding.† Promoting acceptance and understanding is essential. Workplaces should provide an environment where all employees are treated equally, despite their race, gender or religion. Goss also argued to promote equal opportunities is first and foremost a social duty for any employer. Perception of inequality could raise issue of job dissatisfaction and high turnover (Anderson 2003).When an employee perceived greater levels of justice at workplace, he is generally more engaged in organisational citizenship behaviour and a more positive work attitudes and behaviours (Moorman 1991, Rahim, Magner and Shapiro 2000). Moreover, organisations can be benefit from greater creativity in grou p decision as different gender could see things very differently from one another. Admittedly, the idea of reaching the realm of gender equality is significant as it could increase an organisation’s competitive advantage on carefree employees. However, there are also critics on the rhetoric aspects of gender equality. 2.7 Rhetoric aspects of gender equality Goodsell (2007) argued that the idea of gender equality is vague as it enforces an extreme absolute conception of gender neutrality. It is unrealistic attempt to omit all sorts of gender conventions. Feminist scholar Catharine MacKinnon argues that formal equality is ineffective, as it leaves the focus on men and masculinity. This concept could further illustrate by Taylor (2007)’s competency matrix illustrates different stages in learning according to one’s understanding of why learning. This is also applicable to the concept of gender equality. 2.7.1 Gender equality and the competency matrix At the first stage where people do not know they do not know, is where people are discriminating each other gender-wise, yet nobody realise that it is an insult to others. When people start to realise discrimination exists and it is not fair in a society, some people take action because they finally realise they know the problem. A group of people will give-up the mission of promoting gender equality as they faced difficulties and frustrations. However, the rest will continue to attempt to encourage and ensure gender equality at work place. As time goes by, laws and legislations are set, forming a solid foundation of the concept, that people consciously know they know the problem, and therefore working towards it, they really do respect each other despite their gender, and understand the true meaning why promote gender equality. Unfortunately, some people make numbly practise ‘gender equality’ and forgetting the true meaning of it. For instance, ranking women as priorit y, forgetting equality’s meaning. Figure 1: Taylor W. (2007) the competency matrix. National College of Natural Medicine 2.7.2 Gender equality or women’s priority? The mentioned model could explain what the trend is today; a lot of people forgot the true meaning of ‘gender equality’, taking an extreme thinking women priority should be instead correct. This loses the true meaning of gender equality. For instance, in 1997, a group of men sued Hooters (a restaurant well-known because they hire sexy young girls). Hooters agreed to pay $3.75 million to settle this lawsuit. The settlement allowed the chain keep on having solely Hooters girls to sever good and beverages (www.bbc.co.uk). There are also other cases for men suing Hooters for restricting its servers to be female. In addition, according to Anderson (2003), the charges of reverse discrimination are increasing by men at the middle or executive levels of management. ‘Fair and equitable treatment is a primary concern for most employees’ (Sheppard, Lewicki and Minton 1992). Gender equality should exist in a fair manner, where both sexes are protected, given the equal rights. 3.1 Conclusion Tibetan Spiritual Leader the 14th Dalai Lama once claimed â€Å"Human beings, indeed all sentient beings, have the right to pursue happiness and live in peace and freedom.† This statement lies in a utopian world. In reality, does the ‘right’ everybody ought to have he mentioned even exist? The doubt incorporates with Oscar Wilde-the Irish Poet’s argument of â€Å"Society exists only as a mental concept; in the real world there are only individuals†. The real world which we are living in (obviously not the utopia), people only concern about themselves, taking themselves as superior, it does not bother an individual to protect other’s individual rights, as they are all busy to protect their own right. If the human race ever tries to aim to live in peace and freedom, eliminating the thoughts of discrimination will be the very first steps, it could start from small scales for instance, daily life practices, when it brings to what organisations can do to support this dream, there are several steps organisation can follow: Firstly, there should be a zero tolerance for any discrimination. Secondly, if any employee complains of gender discrimination, the organisation should investigate carefully, if there really is a problem, action should be taken. Thirdly, managers should be role models to make sure everyone within the company understands what extend gender discriminations goes. People should never forget the true concept of gender equality, which is to maximise productivity, and utilise everyone’s talent at work places no matter which gender they are of. Imagine a work place where everyone respects each other, giving their best. This could motivate employees and create an open organisation culture for them. On the other hand, a ‘learning organisation’ could definitely help, spreading gender equality throughout an organisation. The limited of this research is the complexity nature of the topic, the status of women varies from society to society, therefore, cases in India and China could not generalised the concept of low-status of women worldwide. In addition, other aspect of gender discrimination such as gay and lesbian being treated unfairly is not discussed in this paper. As a conclusion, gender discrimination at any form should not be ignored. This breach of human rights could lead to serious problem, as human labour should always be the most valuable asset to any organisation. References: Anderson D. (2003) Gender Equity in the Context of Organisational Justice: A Closer Look at a Reoccurring Issue in the Field. Journal of Leisure Research. Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 228-247, National Recreation and Park Association Bordiga, Hunt and Kim (2005) On the use of gender stereotyping research in sex discrimination litigation, U.S. Doyle O.(2000) Equality, Autonomy and Indirect Discrimination, Dublin Grusky, D., Manwai, C. (2008) Social Stratification: Class race and gender in sociological perspective. Westview Press. Heilman M., Wallen A,, Fuchs D. and Tamkins M. (2004) Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 416-427. Lewis D. and Sargeant M. (2007) Essentials of Employment Law, 9th edition, London, Chartered Institute of Personal and Development Mayo A. (2001) The human value of the enterprise: valuing people as assets : monitoring, measuring, managing. London, Nicholas Brealey Pub Moorman R. (1991) Relationship between organisational justice and organisational citizenship behaviours: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845-855. Porras, M. (1996) Female Infanticide and Foeticide. Rahim M., Magner N. and Shapiro D. (2002) Do justice perceptions influence styles of handling conflict with supervisors?: What justice perception, precisely? The international journal of conflict managerment, 11. 9-31 Rees D. and McBain R. (2004) People Management Challenges and Opportunities, New York, Palgrave Macmillan Rudman Glick (2000) Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash toward Agentic Women, supra note 18, at 749-53 Shapiro G. and Olgiati E. (2002) Promoting gender equality in the workplace, Ireland, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions Torrington, D. Hall, L. and Taylor, S. (2007) Human Resource Management, 7th Edition, Edinburg, Pearson Education Limited Zeng Y., Baochang G., Ping T., Yi Xu, Boha Li and Youngping L. (1993) Causes and Implications of High Sex Rations,† Population and Econmics (Renkou yu Jingji), No. 1, 1993 Research Papers on Managing an Equal Opportunity Organization19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCapital PunishmentThe Fifth HorsemanMind TravelRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

GM Bonus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GM Bonus - Essay Example All of these developments come in the wake of a massive downturn in the demand for automobiles in the United States, which in turn nearly led to complete insolvency of the major automobile companies by the U.S. government. As a consequence GM received approximately $49.5 billion in loans to help bailout the company. However it is the case that GM experienced a remarkable return towards profitability and has thus far repaid $23 billion. From the industry perspective, other American car companies were not far behind in providing bonuses to their employees as well. Ford (Which did not receive a bailout) paid out $5,000 to each of their factory workers, and Chrysler will pay out a smaller bonus of less that $750 to their factory workers (Despite the fact that the company is currently losing money). The reasoning behind why these bonuses are being given out is largely because these companies are hoping to retain workers that are likely to defect to other automobile companies. From the employee perspective one could argue that the bonuses would indeed help to keep their employees loyal and help to build a positive rapport with the unions where it would be presented that profits are being spread across the whole company. On the other side of the spectrum would be the concerns from the government and American taxpayer. Understandably, some government and civilian representatives seek to have their entire loan repaid before bonuses should be sent out. Whilst there is merit to this argument, it is also the case that there is a loan repayment schedule that GM is adhering to and any excessive profits could theoretically be used to either repay the loans faster or reinvest in new property, plant and equipment. In essence these bonuses could be argued as an investment in the company human capital as it helps to retain some of the most skilled labor. Krisher, T. (February 14th 2011) GM to Pay

Freedom of Expression As Curtailed In the First Amendment Research Paper

Freedom of Expression As Curtailed In the First Amendment - Research Paper Example This research is being carried out to establish the source from which the concept of Sedition is originated. In the US for instance, the Constitution as evidenced in the First Amendment provides for freedom of religion and expression. Similar constitutes on free speech, press, Â  and to petition assembly and address for grievances, and the implied rights of association and belief. The Supreme Court’s interpretation of the degree of protection accorded by these rights also applies to the federal government in its entirety. Moreover, the Court has on a number of occasions applied an interpretation technique to the due process as curtailed in the Fourteenth Amendment as a clause meant to protect individuals from interference by state governments. fundamental components of liberty of expression include the right of autonomy to speech and press independence. Freedom of expression permits people to communicate without any form of intrusion from the authority. The Supreme Court has prominence on matters involving the government and interference to press freedom and freedom of association. The content-neutral legislation applies such strict mechanisms. The Supreme Court further documented the fact that a federal or central government posses power. This prevents speech that might facilitate a breach of the peace or promote aggression. The concept of sedation originated as a provision for rights to freedom and expression as provided in the country’s constitution. Sedition Sedation is defined as issuing statements that are likely to incite the public against the government. Sedition is a common law offense that is usually expressed through acts of intention aimed at Generating hatred between the public and the government Cause an unlawful issuance or publication of materials that dishonors the government Considering the points stated above, sedation could be described as unlawful language that may jeopardize state’s security. A statement or an action is considered an act of sedation if it threatens state’s security or incites hatred among the people. This description raises serious issues on the role of press freedom and the ability to sustain a free press. Certainly, press freedom and freedom of expression cannot thrive in the midst of sedation. Brief Historical Origin of the Concept The concept of sedation was developed in 1798 and 1801, following the threats of a French invasion. Prior to the developments, nearly twenty-six individuals had been charged in the federal court for publishing or collaborating in the printing of counterfeit news. In addition, people would be charged in a court of law for speaking in public with the intention of undermining the regime. Media house owners and other prominent personalities were detained and charged with treason and unlawful conduct. For example, publishing an article on John Adams the US led to the arrest of the journalist behind the story. In this case, political opponents of the government were the main defendants. The prosecution and judicial preceding raised heated debate on the role of a free press within a democratic country. The first federal trial connected to the case led to a widespread public uproar that threatened the credibility of the judicial service. This promoted discussions on political impudence and the role of judges on press freedom matters. The case further raised concern on the relationship between the state and the judiciary. Arguably, the judiciary is supposed to be an independent state authority that is free from the influence of the government. The Act which was passed in July 1798 but which until now has been subjected to numerous amendments, has provision for the punishment of people and journalists who make false declarations with the intentionally of defaming the federal

Organisational Behaviour and Team Work in Business

Organisational Behaviour and Team Work in Business INTRODUCTION The assignment brings out the discussion over the organisational behaviour in life experience of team work in organisation or in classroom activities. Organisational behaviour in a team work plays a vital role and it is the topic has been discussed for a very long time and now nearly everyone knows about its concepts. Simply the organisations wont perform but the one person or many people. When it comes to organisations there should be a team work and perform individuals cant perform whatever they want in an organization they have to form a team and perform individually as well as teams. So when forming a team, organizational behaviour influences toward its success. Organizational Behaviours is the key aspect to maintain and enhance interaction levels amongst people in the organizations. Other attributes like leadership, motivation, decision making, openness to discuss problems, challenge-initiative is all in the base concept of Organizational behaviour to help the business achieve its strategic and in some business objectives. The proper definition of organizational behaviour with its understanding and management has resulted in development of few key offshoots to the concept of Organizational behaviours In my view a personality behaviour means how can we describe a person, how this person differences from the others behaviour, how we can measure the characteristics and differences. Psychometrics is also the most important related to the assessment and measurement of the personality, aptitude, intelligence. It is like the unique character of the individual and measure and understands the differences between the individuals. I think the term itself indicates the properties of behaviour which are both enduring and set the individual apart from others. These properties concern the individuals typical ways of coping with life. I am going to explain a few words about the group because it will explain the importance of individual in the group. The group may spend a lot of time on the each stage, but some groups never reaching the final stages because the personality and levels of dominance of each member may play a large part in the failure or success of the group and its ability to progress through the different stages, the time goes by changes occur, such as new members joining the group or old members leaving the group may re-enter the cycle and begin the development of the process all over again. In this assignment i am going to use the Leadership theory and Motivation Maslows theory. These theories are best suitable for my opinions or views that are raised in my experience and i like those theories a lot so the two theories are chosen. Let me start with those theories Leadership theory A simple definition of leadership is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Leadership is one of the most hotly debated topics in management studies, social psychology and organisational psychology (Pfeiffer 1993). Despite the depth and breadth of debate concerning leadership effectiveness, it remains an elusive construct. As a result, researchers and practitioners have not reached a consensus on a true and concise definition that represents an accurate depiction of effective leadership in all situations and possibilities. The leadership is one of the effective concepts and well defined as: Treat people with politeness, respect and dignity and in doing so create a strong role model for others to follow. Building a reputation of fairness gives you a buffer against the times when the policy is wrong or you behave badly Gratton (2000:206) According to Nathan F. Iannone, leadership can be defined as the art of influencing, directing, guiding, and controlling others in such a way as to obtain their willing obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in accomplishment of an objective. Leadership is about the future and about how do I tap into the group orientation (into what everybody shares). According to Jago (1982) the quality and the qualified, good leaders are not born instead they are made with the influenza ion of the training and the self-assessment, developing skills by improvising others. The natural people ability is also evaluated as a measure of walk their talk. The fascination of the leadership is much higher in terms of the charismatic leader. The leadership based on this charismatic model is really being focused towards the vision and also the ability and the talents are naturally born and also termed as gift. The natural leader adapts the tapping of their inner resources and also natural leaders are more often generalist (Stonefield, 1992:3). The leadership theory based on this contingency model states that there is no particular model of leadership which suits as appropriate in all times of situation. The variables are the basic elements and the preliminary components which determine the success rather than the leadership style which we intend to follow or insist. The leadership has a quality in order to follow the vital roles and also in order to perform the action depending and assessing the situation through various means (Cherry, 2010). The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would describe the personality of a close friend. Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such as outgoing, kind and even-tempered. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. Unlike many other theories of personality, such as psychoanalytic or humanistic theories, the trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits forms a personality that is unique to each individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics. According to Offer Mann, Hanges and Day (2001) much of the discourse on the internal characteristics of leadership over recent years has focused on values and ethics. They argue that disillusionment and a lack of confidence in political leadership have been generated by the particular values that political leaders use to motivate their actions. As a result, Offermann, Hanges and Day (2001) claim that the world is more aware of the importance that values play in leadership effectiveness and success. In addition, it has been shown that particular types of leaders attract different followers depending on their value types (Ehrhart Klein 2001). McShane (2001) argues that in order to motivate, influence, be liked and respected, a leaders values need to align themselves with those of their employees and to reflect integrity, honesty, compassion and assertiveness. The contingency leadership is one of the effective leadership techniques and also has an ability to act as a vital tool in establishing the focus on variables in an environment in order to determine the situations which really opt for our behaviour in any kind of situation. The leadership theory based on this contingency model states that there is no particular model of leadership which suits as appropriate in all times of situation. The variables are the basic elements and the preliminary components which determine the success rather than the leadership style which we intend to follow or insist. The leadership has a quality in order to follow the vital roles and also in order to perform the action depending and assessing the situation through various means (Cherry, 2010). My definition of Leadership is being able to: inspire others, motivate, set a vision, communicate, respect others, and lead by example. A leader must have an honest understanding of who they are, what they know, and what they are capable of. To be successful person you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your superiors. In my opinion this can build confidence in your followers in their faith in you to be able to lead. Followers Different person require different styles of leadership. For example, a company I was working requires more supervision than an experienced employee. A person who lacks motivation requires a different approach than anyone with a high degree of motivation. You must know your people! The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human nature, such as needs, emotions, and motivation. You must come to know your employees be, know, and do attributes. Communication Communication is the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another person; it involves a sender transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receive. What and how you communicate either builds or harms the relationship between you and your employees. Situation Situations are different from all time. Leader is an individual who can use different leadership styles based on the situations .decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee for inappropriate behaviour, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective. Also note that the situation normally has a greater effect on a leaders action than his or her traits. This is because while traits may have an impressive stability over a period of time, they have little consistency across situations (Mischel, 1968). This is why a number of leadership scholars think the Process Theory of Leadership is a more accurate than the Trait Theory of Leadership. Every organisation is subdivided into two different categories such as formal and informal. The organisation when seen as external spectator it appears to be formal with its will defined mission statement, policies and procedure and organisation structure charts, but this is just the tip of the great iceberg floating underneath in the form of informal organisation which a manger has to face. This informal organisation includes informal leaders which have no formal authority given by organisation but they have their influence on many employees, to maintain good relation with such informal leaders as sometimes they can help in getting things done. Internally organisation is subdivided into many groups based on their nature of job, their ethnicity, their culture, their language having their own norms and sentiments managers need to identify such groups and make consistent effort to maintain peace in groups by serving the role of mediator, for smooth running of organisation. Organisation consist of another route of power which can be said as counter organisation, that can be seen in the form of labour unions which are formed to keep check on organisation and make sure that profit hungry organisation dont exploit them. Such counter organisations are needed to be handled with great care. It can be said informal organisations are formed by the people of organisation to satisfaction of their cultural needs and a sense of personal identity and personal belonging. It also provides means to highlight deficiencies in the formal organisation such as excess time taken to complete a task. MASLOW THOERY OF MOTIVATION Motivation is a fundamental driving force behind people behaviour and performance. When the research was done to explain different aspects of motivation from an organisational behavioural perspective many theories or models used to describe the topic of motivation basically it is described as the extent to which persistent effort is directed towards a goal. It is very important to know about different types of motivation theories and their implementation in a group or organisation. These motivation theories specify the kinds of needs people has and condition in which they would want to exemplify these needs. Motivation can be internal or external. Example of external motivation is Deadlines. The fear of losing a contract or of not finishing a job on time you started is an example of internal motivation. Both internal and external motivation can be equally powerful. Why i am using this Maslows theory to reflect on my behaviour in group situations. This theory comes under content theories of motivation. There is significant relationship between behaviour and motivation particularly between group and individuals. Motivations of group have a serious impact on individual behaviour likewise the motivation of an individual can have serious impact on group. Abraham Maslow theory was proposed by Dr. Abraham Maslow in 1943, this theory is general overview of human motivation. His theory strikes a distinctive sense of balance between biological and social needs that integrates many motivational concepts. According to Maslow individual needs are set in a hierarchy, and everyone must satisfy their basic needs before they can satisfy their higher needs. The hierarchy is many times portrayed, as a pyramid beginning with physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top of this pyramid. The needs at the lower level are the most basic. These basic needs must be satisfy well before an individual can become concern with the higher needs like physiological needs, safety needs, security needs, social needs, law and affection, esteem needs. These needs must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs deficiency needs. As long as we are motivated to satisfy these craving, people are moving toward growth, s elf-actualization, satisfying needs is healthy, which preventing gratification makes us sick or act evilly. Gareth Morgan suggests that employees are people with complex needs that must be satisfied if they are to lead perform effectively in a work place. Employees perform best when they are motivated by task, which will earn them some reward that satisfies their personal needs. Abraham Maslows theory of motivation most widely famous as hierarchy of needs states that human needs when arranged in form of hierarchy, ascending from lowest to the highest, as soon as need at lower level gets completed, the need at next level servers to be a motivator. Maslow divided human needs into five main categories such as physiological which include basic needs for sustaining life like food, water, shelter and sleep. According to Abraham Maslow there are five different levels in hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing Needs Self-actualizing Needs is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of need. People are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential. Esteem Needs Esteem needs include the things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment. Social Needs Social needs include belonging, love and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, love, romantic attachments and families help fulfil this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community or religious groups. Security Needs Security needs include safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighbourhoods and shelter from the environment. Physiological Needs A physiological need is low needs. These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. Maslow was correct when he said that one need has to be fulfilled before we can move to the next one. Without sufficient amount sleep I wouldnt be able to think of nothing but sleep. Also if I am hungry food will be the only thing on my mind. But because each day I satisfy these basic needs I am able to think about other things because these needs are no longer controlling my thoughts. Next priority is given to security which includes freedom from physical danger and other fears like losing job, property, food, or shelter. Since people are social animals they need to belong, to be accepted by others, hence acceptance third in the list of needs. Once people satisfy their need to belong esteem needs emerge in the form of satisfactions as power, prestige, status and self-esteem and at last when all the other needs are satisfied need for self-actualization which is the desire to maximize ones potential and achieve something. Applying this theory many organisations where suggested to motivate their employees by monetary gains or assuring security of their job. , Koontz, H, Weihrich (2008), Morgan (2006). There was a research conducted by Douglas T Hall and Khalil Nongame which studied needs of hierarchy involving a group of managers over a time span of five years. They found that there was no strong evidence of hierarchy, as managers get promoted in organisation their physiological needs tend to decrease, while on other hand needs for self-actualization tend to increase H, Koontz , H, Weihrich(2008). Upcoming flaws of Maslows theory the process theory of motivation stated, with the study of ones decision making process and deter mining how individual behaviour is energised, directed and maintained. The major process theory of motivation includes expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory and reinforcement theory. In my classroom activities I am relating this theorys to my classroom activities in a group. When considered my experience in a group situation once while doing a group presentation in collage we all are five people. We had a 20 days time to presentation and from first day we all thought to meet at my place but no one turn up this happened many time every one say some other reason. It happened for all 19 day only 1 day left to submit the presentation than I thought to divide the task to my group members. Each one is assign a separate task and the task should complete before the particular schedule time. With this I emerge as leader that made me influenza ion as Leadership. Not only Leadership but also motivation In order to sleep tonight I have to complete my task of presentation before sleep. I need to satisfy my physiological need that is to sleep in time. I should complete the presentation before night CONCLUSION According to the trait theory the question arises of weather a leader is born or developed. There is no defined answer as many theorists have different answers to this. Understanding the concepts from above of motivation its rewards systems as to how useful it is for a leader to understand how it can be utilized in getting work done from people, decision making and its importance in growing more efficient, managing change and adapting quickly to it, understanding human perceptions and how they affect management, understanding the value of power in an organization without which a leader is nothing, politics and control and the other factors finally lead towards the understanding that leaders are developed. Many individuals may be born with the skill to be a leader this does not prove that he grows up to be an effective leader. However he can develop the ability to become one. Experience and the urge to learn can help one become an efficient leader. According to my understanding a pers on might be born with natural abilities to become a leader. This assignment is very useful to assess my past behaviour to the present behaviour and ways to develop the behaviour and to assess the performance by using these theories in a group. These are the two oldest theories what I used because older principles are the basic for anything i.e. the applications should follows the basic principle. Only few people are reached the self-actualization concept in the Leadership theory and Maslows theory. I am very much willing to taste that step. So I am going to putting my effort in this way and also looking the ways to develop. In my opinion if the group activities are conducted from the child hood they will be a very useful to the individual to improve their personality, behaviour and from that the concept of Leadership and motivation skills will also improve for the betterment of the future.